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 The Cameras

__ The history of the camera : __
The history of the camera is a very long one, from Joseph Niepce taking the first photograph to the Kodak roll film camera to the c.d. being used as a digital image storing device.

Below is a detailed table which will take you through the development of the camera.


 * ** Date ** || Event ||  ||
 * 1814 |||| A Frenchman called Joseph NicéphoreNiépce obtained the first ever photographic image with his “Camera Obscura ”. This image was taken by having the shutter left open for eight hours ad faded shortly after. ||
 * 1837 |||| The French artist Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre took the first fixed image on his Daguerreotype. This image did not fade and took less than thirty minutes of exposure. ||
 * 1841 |||| William Henry Talbot patented the process of Calotype - which involves the first negative-positive printing process making it possible to make multiple copies of a picture. ||
 * 1843 |||| The first advertisement using a photograph is made in Philadelphia ||
 * 1851 |||| The Collodion process is invented by Frederick Scott Archer. This requires only two or three seconds of sunlight exposure for the image to be captured. ||
 * 1859 |||| The panoramic camera is patented In Sutton. ||
 * 1871 |||| A man called Richard Leach Maddox invents a gelatin dry plate silver bromide process-negatives are no longer needed to be developed immediately. ||
 * 1880 |||| Eastman dry plate company is founded. ||
 * 1884 |||| Flexible, paper based photographic film is invented by company “Eastman”. ||
 * 1888 |||| Eastman has another invention, the Kodak roll film camera. ||
 * 1900 |||| The turn of the century brought around the first mass marketed camera “the Browning”. ||
 * 1913-1914 |||| The first 35mm still camera is developed ||
 * 1927 |||| Electricity company General Electric invents the modern flash bulb which enables the photograph to be brighter or taken in dark areas and seen clearly in the finished picture. ||
 * 1935 |||| Eastman Kodak starts selling Kodachrome film on the market ||
 * 1941 |||| Eastman Kodak introduces Kodacolour negative film ||
 * 1948 |||| Edwin Land markets his invention, the Polaroid camera. ||
 * 1954 |||| Eastman Kodak develops hi-speed tri-x film. ||
 * 1960 |||| EG&G produces a camera that can withstand extreme underwater depths for the U.S. navy. ||
 * 1963 |||| Polaroid releases instant colour film. ||
 * 1968 |||| The first ever literally “out of this world” photograph is taken. And we receive an image of our planet taken from the moon. ||
 * 1973 |||| Polaroid develops one step instant colour film, shoot and print with one click. ||
 * 1978 |||| Konica invents the point and shoot auto focus camera ||
 * 1980 |||| Sony publicly gives a demonstration of their newest addition to the original camera, the camcorder. ||
 * 1984 |||| Four years later canon demonstrates their next big thing for many years, an electronic still camera. ||
 * 1985 |||| Pixar releases a digital imaging processor. ||
 * 1990 |||| Eastman Kodak develops the photo cd as a digital image storing device. ||

This is the first Camera it was called a "Camera Obscura":


**__Camera Basics__** A film camera is full of mechanical, optical and some electronic circuitry for automatic systems aimed at producing an image on film. A digital camera replaces the film with chip circuitry, otherwise usually the remaining features of lens, shutter and aperture, remain the same. Despite these differences in image capture and storage, all other processes, principles, techniques and accessories are identical in photography. A camera can be thought of as nothing more than a light-tight box with a hole on each side - one side has a lens attached, the other side has a holder that accomadates a strip of light sensitive film or a sensor. To enable an image to be formed, a series of optically ground lenses transform objects in front of the lens into a sharp image on the film or sensor. **__The Focus__** The focus is often managed automatically in the camera. Focus depends on the distance between the lens and the film or sensor. When you change the focus, you are moving the lens towards or away from the film/sensor.



__**The Exposure**__ The exposure is the amount of light passing to the film or sensor and this is modified in two ways; the diaphragm which controls the qualityof light by opening or closing the aperture; and the shutter which regulates the amount of time the light is allowed to pass through to the film or sensor.



This is a diagram of a film camera it is an SLR which stands for Single Lens Reflex:



__How It Works__
Every camera is essentially a lightproof box, with some method of letting in just a small amount of light at just the right time. Once the light is in the box, it forms an image (like in the camera obscura), causes a chemical reaction on photographic film (like in the Brownie camera), or energizes a photocell (like in a digital camera). To find out how the light gets in to do its thing, let’s imagine what happens when you snap a picture, maybe of a dolphin playing in the surf. (You can see right away that a camera obscura wouldn’t do you much good for this kind of picture!) When you press the button on an SLR camera, the mirror flips up exposing the film to the light coming through the lens. by David Garrison One kind of camera — which can be either a digital camera or a traditional film camera — is called a **single-lens reflex** (SLR) camera. In this camera, there is only a single set of lenses for both viewing and photographing an image. Let’s say you spot your dolphin and lift your camera to your eye. What happens? First, light bouncing off the dolphin passes into the camera, through a set of lenses, and onto a mirror. From there, the light bounces up and into a funny-shaped piece of glass called a pentaprism (penta means five, and the pentaprism has, you guessed it, five sides). Once light enters the pentaprism, it bounces around in a complicated way until it passes through the eyepiece and enters your eye. The dolphin is swimming just below the water, but you have a feeling it’s about to surface. Wait for it, wait for it…there! You snap the picture. When you press the button on the camera, the mirror flips up out of the way. Instead of bouncing into the pentaprism, light from the dolphin passes directly to the back of the camera. There, it either hits photographic film and starts a chemical reaction, or else it impacts an array of light-sensitive cells that release a tiny electric charge in each activated cell. Either way, even though the dolphin’s long gone, you’ve captured its image. Congratulations! SLRs are not the only camera type. Many of us use direct vision compact cameras or just “compacts”. In this camera, the lens for viewing is separate from the lens we use to take photographs. Because of the two sets of lenses, compacts don’t need a pentaprism or a hinged mirror, making them smaller and lighter than the SLRs.

__Camera Facts__
The flash on a camera is our attempt to light up a scene that’s too dim to show up well either on film or electronically. Flash bulbs once could only be used for a single flash, because they actually burned a metal called magnesium. The magnesium burned with a brilliant white light, made even whiter by a bluish filter that covered the glass around the bulb. Modern flash cameras use a very strong electric current from a battery. The current moves through ionized xenon gas, causing the gas to glow white.

**__Cameras Today__** Today there are many different types of cameras on the market. Cameras have developed a lot since the first camera was invented. Film cameras now compete with digital cameras which are now very popular especially for beginners and amateur photographers. Good quality digital cameras are very expensive. Computers have changed the way cameras are used. By using a digital camera the advantage is that many shots can be taken and then deleted with only the best to be kept. They can be stored on disc or printed.



**__The Main Types of Cameras__** Following are the main types of cameras available today. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1. Advanced Photo System (APS) (1x240) camera- Light-weight "point and shoot" rangefinder compact camera or SLR camera with interchangeable lenses. Formats can be changed mid-roll. Produce excellent results and ideal for beginners. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2. 35mm compact (point and shoot) camera. Simple all-in-one camera with the minium of accessories. Automatic focus and exposure control. Excellent first camera for young and beginner photographers. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">3. 35mm rangefinder camera. Subject is viewed through a seperate viewfinder. Variety of models available. They are high quality ones and are easy to operate. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">4. Digital viewfinder camera. Looks like a 35mm rangefinder camera, but records images digitally. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">5. 35mm SLR (Single Lens Reflex) camera. Very popular camera with many attachment available. The subject is viewed through the lens. Some brands and models are highly sophisticated. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">6. Digital SLR (Single Lens Reflex) camera. Has the appearance and features of a 35mm SLR camera, yet records images digitally. These cameras are improving very rapidly. Digital cameras are now available up to 17 megapixels which is close to a film camera image which is 18 megapixels. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">7. Range-finder medium Format camera. Takes pictures 6x7, 6x9, 6x4.5 cm formats. They use ISO 120 or ISO 220 film.They are portable and good for big enlargements. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">8. Panoramic Cameras. Available with rangefinder systems and have either fixed formats or interchangeable backs. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">9. SLR Medium Format cameras. Takes pictures with many formats and are good for big enlargements. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">10. Large Format Cameras. Thes are used by commercial and specialist photographers.They use 5x4 or 10x8 inch sheet film and produce amazingly clear enlargements. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">11. Instant and Polaroid cameras. Photograph develops instantly due to chemicals in the film. Can be adapted to take ISO 120 or ISO 220 film. Some models accept either 5x4 or 10x8 inch sheet film. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">12. Stereo Camera (for 3D photography). Available in rangefinder only. Produces 3-dimensional image by taking two pictures, one 63.5 mm from the other. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Cameras have changed an developed in many ways since the first camera and in the years to come will continue to develop. Cameras are noe also available in mobile phones and many are very small.


 * __And this is a short video about how does cameras work__**

media type="file" key="How cameras work - YouTube.flv" width="492" height="428" align="center"

__<span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**resources** __


 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[|http://www.canon.com.au]
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[]
 * []
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[|http://www.nikonclub.com.au]
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[]
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Photograph Australia with Steve Parish
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Information and Software Technology by D.Grover, J.Range, H.Knights, E.Gormley and S.Perri
 * []
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[|http://www.dpreview.com]
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[]
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[]
 * http://www.yesmag.ca/how_work/camera.html

Done by: Abdulla Abdulaziz Saud salah

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